Čáppa eallu vai fasttes eallu? : Terminologalaš analysa ealu bohccuid doahpagiin bistevašvuođa jurddašeami hárrái

Abstract

Dán barggus lean guorahallan sámi árbevirolaš boazoealáhusa terminologiija ja analyseren doahpagiid maid Guovdageainnu boazosápmelaččat atnet go árvvoštallet bohccuid buriid ja heajos beliid ja go čilgejit ealu hábmema boazoealáhusa máhttovuođu ja vuođđojurddašeami mielde, ealu bistevašvuođa jurddašeami ektui. Analysa metodalaš ja teorehtalaš vuođđun lean atnán I.M.G. Eira (2012) dutkamuša systemáhtalaš doabaanalysa čilget doahpagiid, mat gullet árbevirolaš máhttui, doaimmaide ja práksisiidda. Dutkan čájeha ahte boazosápmelaččat atnet unnimus 234 doahpaga bohccuid ja ealu iešvuođaid birra. Dáin lean 36 doahpaga defineren, 11 dain lean earenoamážit analyseren. Bohtosat čájehit ahte eallovuođu hábmen lea systemáhtalaš ja kompleaksa proseassa, mas árvvoštallet ovttaskas bohccuid iešvuođaid strategalaččat, vai eallu šaddá bistevažžan sihke báike-, birgen- ja siidavuođu ulbmiliid dáfus. Dán prosessii gullá ealu hálddašit ja hábmet, mihttet ja árvvoštallat bohccuid ealiheami dahje ii ealiheami dáfus. Boazosápmelaččaid árvvoštallet ahte ealus leat bohccot, mat leat ceavzilat, mat šaddadit misiid, maiguin dikšu náli ja doalaha ealu čoahkisin ja ahte leat bohccot birgejupmái ja ávkkástallamii. Ovdamearkan makkár bohccuid válljet vuođđun ellui; njiŋŋelasain leat sáhkkonáli, váža, ebmos njiŋŋelas, varisbohccuin ragahansarváid ja ravnnohiid ja misiin čaloaiv’misiid. Árvvoštallanmodeallas leat olbmo váikkuhus-kategoriija, strategalaš ulbmil-kategoriija, bohcco iešvuođaid-kategoriija, nálledikšun-kategoriija ja birasváikkuhus-kategoriija. Eallovuođuhábmemiin sáhttá oažžut juogo čáppa dahje fasttes ealu. Čáppa eallu-doaba sisttisdoallá iešguđetlágan bohccuid, main leat iešguđetlágan iešvuođat, mat leat buorit, cevzet, leat buriin álššain, dain lea buorre produktivitehta, ja mat álkidit siiddastallama, mii ovddasta čájeha bistevaš jurddašeami. Fasttes ealus leat čoggon bohccot, bohccot válljejuvvon negatiiva beliid mielde, ja ii leat čorgen eret bohccuid mat eai leat buorit. Eallohábmemis leat stádas ja boazoealáhusas guovttelágan árvvoštallaneavttut. Stáda árvvoštallá ovttageardánit boazošlájaid, deattuid, loguid ja buvttadeami mielde dan ektui go boazoealáhusas lea dárkilis, systemáhtalaš ja kompleaksa eallohábmen. Stáda vuohki sáhttá dagahit ahte šaddá fasttes ealu. Dát guovttesuoratvuohta dovdo ain boazodoallohálddašeamis ja politihkas, go boazosápmelaččaid máhttu, fágadoahpagat ja árvvut eai geavat dáid sin beaivválaš hálddašeamis mii dagaha ahte boazoealáhus ferte čuovvut stáda modeallaid, ii ge nuppe guvlui.

In this study, I explored the traditional terminology used by Sámi reindeer herders in Guovdageaidnu, how they assess the qualities of reindeer for designing their herds based on their knowledge base and principled thinking considering the sustainability of reindeer husbandry. Utilizing I.M.G. Eira's (2012) framework for the systematic conceptual analysis of traditional knowledge, I identified 234 distinct concepts related to reindeer and reindeer herd, focusing specifically on 36 concepts, with detailed analysis of 11. The findings reveal that herd composition is a complex process where individual reindeer characteristics are strategically evaluated to ensure sustainability in household, resource management, and siida contexts. This involves decisions about ealihit (strategic selection of reindeer for the herd) and ii-ealihit (removal of certain reindeer). A successful herd is composed of reindeer that are viable, productive, and beneficial for breeding and siida work. Examples of reindeer that should form the basis of reindeer herds are, for example, female reindeer sáhkkonálli, váza, ebmos njiŋŋelas, male reindeer ragahansarvát and ravnnot and calves čaloaiv’miessi. The Sámi assessment model incorporates a range of criteria, including strategic decisions, environmental considerations, and breeding strategies. This approach can result in outcomes such as čáppa eallu (a beautiful herd), characterized by reindeer that are robust, productive, and well-suited for sustainable herding practices. Conversely, a fasttes eallu (an undesirable herd) consists of reindeer with less favorable traits, often due to inadequate selection. There is a clear divergence between Sámi herders and state criteria in herd design. While the state relies on simplified metrics such as weight, numbers, and production, Sámi herders engage in a detailed, systematic evaluation based on individual reindeer specific details and in relation to the reindeer herd. This disparity highlights a lack of integration of Sámi knowledge and values in official management policies, compelling herders to conform to state models rather than leveraging their own.